Peopling of India as Disclosed by Genetic Data

Abstract

To India, there arrived people in several waves. Those having the Y chromosome and mitochondrial haplogroups Y- D + mt- M, N, R arrived India about 65,000 years ago. Those having the haplogroups Y- F, H, K + mt- U2 arrived India about 40,000 years ago; Those having the haplogroups Y- L + mt- ?? arrived India about 30,000 years ago. Those having the haplogroups Y- G + mt- H, V, K,  J, T arrived India about 8,300 years ago bringing the agriculture. The Aryans, having the haplogroups Y- R1a-Z93 + mt- U5 arrived India about 3,500 years ago. There is still open the question, whether the Y chromosome haplogroup O formed in India and expanded east.