LLM-Powered Agentic Data Science: Automated Analysis and Insight Generation

Abstract

Large language models have moved beyond text completion toward autonomous agents that plan, write code, run tools, and revise their own output. This article studies agentic data science: systems in which an LLM coordinates exploratory analysis, query generation, hypothesis formation, and reporting with limited human supervision. We describe a planner, coder, and critic architecture connected to a sandboxed execution environment, and we explain how the ReAct pattern interleaves reasoning traces with tool actions so that an agent grounds each step in observed data. A capability survey covers automated exploratory data analysis, pandas and SQL code generation, hypothesis ranking, multi-agent division of labor, and iterative self-correction. Using illustrative benchmarks across five task categories, an agentic configuration raised mean task success from about 53 percent for single-shot prompting to about 75 percent, while a human-in-the-loop setup reached about 88 percent. Self-correction lifted analysis accuracy from 61 to roughly 84 percent over five revision rounds as the code execution error rate fell below 3 percent. We then examine failure modes that matter for scientific use: hallucinated statistics, silent data leakage, non-reproducible runs, and unsafe code. Guardrails such as schema validation, deterministic seeds, result auditing, and constrained tool scopes reduce these risks but do not remove them. The results are presented as design guidance rather than a deployed study, and we argue that verification, not generation, is the binding constraint for trustworthy automated analysis.