Reconstructing Ancient Trade Routes Through Shipwrecks and Port Excavations: Archaeological Evidence from the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, and South China Sea

Abstract

This paper examines how maritime archaeological evidence from shipwrecks and port excavations illuminates the structure and dynamics of ancient trade networks across three major maritime regions. Through systematic analysis of ceramic assemblages, ship construction techniques, and port infrastructure, archaeological data reveals complex patterns of cultural exchange, technological transfer, and economic interaction spanning from the Classical period through the medieval era. The research demonstrates that maritime archaeology provides unique insights into trade route chronology, cargo composition, and the social dimensions of ancient commerce that complement and often challenge textual historical accounts. Key findings indicate that trade networks were more interconnected and culturally heterogeneous than previously understood, with evidence of regular trans-oceanic contact and standardized commercial practices across vast geographical distances. This study contributes to our understanding of ancient globalization processes and the role of maritime trade in cultural transmission.