Federalism in India: Centre-State Relations and Recent Trends

Abstract

Indian federalism represents a unique constitutional arrangement that balances unity with diversity in one of the world's most complex democracies. This paper examines the evolution of centre-state relations in India, analyzing the constitutional framework, institutional mechanisms, and contemporary challenges that shape federal governance. Through theoretical analysis of cooperative and competitive federalism models, this study demonstrates how India's federal structure has adapted to accommodate regional aspirations while maintaining national integration. Recent trends indicate a shift toward more assertive state governments, increased fiscal decentralization, and growing tensions over resource allocation and policy implementation. The paper argues that Indian federalism is experiencing a transformation from its traditionally centralized model toward a more balanced federal arrangement, though significant challenges remain in achieving optimal centre-state coordination. This evolution has profound implications for democratic governance, economic development, and social cohesion in contemporary India.